CPU
Super Computers
1943 Colussus (Bletchley Park)
1945 ENIAC Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer
1948 Manchester Baby / Manchester Mark 1
1949 BINAC, EDSAC
1951 Ferranti Mark 1 (9 units sold)
1951 EDVAC,
1951 UNIVAC (46 units sold)
1951 TRADIC Bell Labs, Introduced Transistors
1951 DEC PDP-1
1952 ILLIAC
1952 ORDVAC
1953 SILLIAC
1953 Remington Rand UNIVAC 1103, ERA 1103 (by Seymour Cray)
1954 IBM 650 (1800 Units sold)
1957 CDC
1964 CDC 6600 (by Seymour Cray)
1964 IBM System/360
1965 CDC 6400 / 6500 /6700
1965 DEC PDP-8
1968 CTC Computer Terminal Corporation
1969 CTC Datapoint 3300 (CRT terminals)
1970's Datapoint 2200 ...CTC renamed to Datapoint Corporation.
1970 DEC PDP-11
1976 Cray-1
1977 DEC VAX
1982 Cray X-MP
1985 Cray-2
1988 Cray Y-MP
1991 Cray C90
1993 Cray T3D
1995 Cray T3E
2002 Cray X1
2004 Cray XD1
2006 Cray XT3 / XT4
2012 Cray XC30
2014 Cray XC40
2018 Cray Shasta (XC50 successor)
IBM 5150 Compatible PC
1981 IBM 5150 (first PC with Intel 8080 + BIOS, CP-M86 or PC-DOS)
1983 IBM 5160 XT (Intel 8088)
1984 IBM 5170 AT (Intel 80286)
1987 PS/2 (Intel 8086)
| 1955 | Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory (Caltech / MIT / Bell labs) | ||
| 1957 | Fairchild Semiconductor (traitorous eight) | ||
| 1968 | Intel (Noyce and Moore) | ||
| 1974 | Zilog (Federico Faggin and Masatoshi Shima) |
Intel 4004, 8008, 8088, 8080
Zilog Z80 is a 5V only spinoff from an Intel 8080, dropping the need for 12V
Zilog (Exxon) ... > IXYS > Littlefuse
https://floooh.github.io/visualz80remix/
Z80 8080
AMD, Cyrix x86 clones
Intel Pentium
MOS 6502 descendant
Motorola 6800, 68000, 68020
MOS 6502, 6510
Acorn ARM
TI, Sun, Dec, IBM
https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Oral_History/Zilog_Z80/102658073.05.01.pdf
https://www.commanderx16.com/webemu/x16emu.html
DEC Alpha
Micro Controller
Intel MCS-48 8048
Intel MCS-51 8051
RISC Berkley / IBM MIPS Stanford IBM PowerPC SUN Sparc DEC Alpha
Feature set / Instructions
MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, EM64T, VT-x, AES, AVX, AVX2, FMA3, TSX
Moore's Law / Transistors
| Integration level | Year | Logic gates | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SSI | Small Scale Integration | 1964 | ||
| MSI | Medium Scale Integration | 1968 | 20-200 | |
| LSI | Large‐scale integration | 1970 | 200-2000 | 10 µm |
| VLSI | Very large‐scale integration | 1980 | 2.000-20.000 | 1.5 µm |
| ULSI | Ultra large‐scale Integration | 1990 | 20.000-200.000 | 600 nm |
| SLSI | Super large‐scale integration | 2000 | 200.000- 2 million | 130 nm |
| 2010 | 2 million - 20 million | 22 nm | ||
| 2020 | 20 million - 200 million | 5 nm |
CISC v.s. RISC
RISC is a philosophy to use simpler instructions to achieve the same as complex instruction. For example for AES rowshifting an Intel can use XMM instructions to shift multiple rows in one operation, while RISC processors need to loop through the bytes and execute simpler instructions. It takes longer to execute, but without SIMD the processor is smaller, cheaper and wins in power efficiency.
Intel CISC
PCLMULHQHQDQ xmmreg,xmmrm
ARM RISC
result = operand1 EOR operand2;
for s = 0 to segments-1
Elem[result, s, 128] = AESSubBytes(AESShiftRows(Elem[result, s, 128]));
RISC
| DARPA VLSI Project University funding | ||
| 1980 | University of Berkley (David Patterson) | |
| 1981 | RISC I | 44,500 transistors, 31 instructions, 78 32-bit registers
research project |
| RISC Foundation | Open ISA free to implement | |
| 2015 | RISC V | |
MIPS
| 1976 | IBM 801 | first conceptual RISC processor |
| 1980 | DARPA VLSI Project University funding | |
| MIPS | Stanford University (John Hennessy) | |
| 1984 | MIPS Computer Systems, Inc. | |
| 1992 | Acquired by SGI | |
| 1998 | SGI spun off MIPS | |
| 2008 | lost money on buying and selling Chipidea | |
| 2013 | bought by Imagination Technologies (PowerVR) | |
| 2022 | Adopted RISC-V |
Xtensa
1997 Tensilica (Chris Rowen one of the six that worked on the Stanford MIPS project), IP blocks (RTL Register Transfer Level), founded by
2013 Cadance Design Systems
2014 Espressif Systems ESP 8266 (L106)
ESP32 LX6
ESP32-S2/3 LX7
ESP32-C3/7 RISC-V
Lexra
https://www.cpushack.com/2013/09/28/realtek-rtl8186-mips-by-lexra/
http://jonahprobell.com/lexra.html
| 1997 | Lexra based on MIPS-I instruction set (Not the core license) | |
| 1998 | Patent on "unaligned loads and stores" | |
| 2003 | Lexra bankrupt | |
| 2006 | RTL8196E | Realtek continues to use Lexra Cores (RLX4181) |
ARM
Cortex-A Microprocessors, with an MMU, for Rich OS e.g. BSD/Linux/Windows)
Cortex-R Realtime processors
Cortex-M Microcontrollers for RTOS Task Scheduling
ARMv7-M ISA
M0+ von neuman (instruction and data share the same bus)
M3
M4
M7
ARMv8-M
M23 Trustzone
M33
M35P
Armv8.1-MM55
M85