CPU

Super Computers

1943 Colussus (Bletchley Park)

1945 ENIAC Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer

1948 Manchester Baby / Manchester Mark 1

1949 BINAC, EDSAC

1951 Ferranti Mark 1 (9 units sold)

1951 EDVAC,

1951 UNIVAC (46 units sold)

1951 TRADIC Bell Labs, Introduced Transistors

1951 DEC PDP-1

1952 ILLIAC

1952 ORDVAC

1953 SILLIAC

1953 Remington Rand UNIVAC 1103, ERA 1103 (by Seymour Cray)

1954 IBM 650 (1800 Units sold)

1957 CDC

1964 CDC 6600 (by Seymour Cray)

1964 IBM System/360

1965 CDC 6400 / 6500 /6700

1965 DEC PDP-8

1968 CTC Computer Terminal Corporation

1969 CTC Datapoint 3300 (CRT terminals)

1970's Datapoint 2200 ...CTC renamed to Datapoint Corporation.

1970 DEC PDP-11

1976 Cray-1

1982 Cray X-MP

1985 Cray-2

1988 Cray Y-MP

1991 Cray C90

1993 Cray T3D

1995 Cray T3E

2002 Cray X1

2004 Cray XD1

2006 Cray XT3 / XT4

2012 Cray XC30

2014 Cray XC40

2018 Cray Shasta (XC50 successor)

IBM System/360

1959 DEC PDP-1 to PDP-11

1977 DEC VAX

Z80 descendant

1955	Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory (Caltech / MIT / Bell labs)
1957	Fairchild Semiconductor (traitorous eight)
1968	Intel (Noyce and Moore)
1974	Zilog (Federico Faggin and Masatoshi Shima)

Intel 4004, 8008, 8088, 8080

Zilog Z80 is a 5V only spinoff from an Intel 8080, dropping the need for 12V

Zilog (Exxon) ... > IXYS > Littlefuse

https://floooh.github.io/visualz80remix/

MOS 6502 descendant

Motorola 6800, 68000, 68020

MOS 6502, 6510

Acorn ARM

TI, Sun, Dec, IBM

https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Oral_History/Zilog_Z80/102658073.05.01.pdf

https://www.commanderx16.com/webemu/x16emu.html

Micro Controller

Intel MCS-48 8048

Intel MCS-51 8051

CPU-Z Z270 i5-7600K

RISC Berkley / IBM
MIPS Stanford
IBM PowerPC
SUN Sparc
DEC Alpha

Feature set / Instructions

MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, EM64T, VT-x, AES, AVX, AVX2, FMA3, TSX

Moore's Law / Transistors

	Integration level	Year	Logic gates
SSI	Small Scale Integration	1964
MSI	Medium Scale Integration	1968	20-200
LSI	Large‐scale integration	1970	200-2000	10 µm
VLSI	Very large‐scale integration	1980	2.000-20.000	1.5 µm
ULSI	Ultra large‐scale Integration	1990	20.000-200.000	600 nm
SLSI	Super large‐scale integration	2000	200.000- 2 million	130 nm
		2010	2 million - 20 million	22 nm
		2020	20 million - 200 million	5 nm

CISC v.s. RISC

RISC is a philosophy to use simpler instructions to achieve the same as complex instruction. For example for AES rowshifting an Intel can use XMM instructions to shift multiple rows in one operation, while RISC processors need to loop through the bytes and execute simpler instructions. It takes longer to execute, but without SIMD the processor is smaller, cheaper and wins in power efficiency.

Intel CISC

PCLMULHQHQDQ xmmreg,xmmrm

ARM RISC

result = operand1 EOR operand2;

for s = 0 to segments-1

Elem[result, s, 128] = AESSubBytes(AESShiftRows(Elem[result, s, 128]));

RISC

	DARPA VLSI Project University funding
1980		University of Berkley (David Patterson)
1981	RISC I	44,500 transistors, 31 instructions, 78 32-bit registers research project
RISC Foundation	Open ISA free to implement
2015	RISC V

MIPS

https://www.cpushack.com/2013/09/28/realtek-rtl8186-mips-by-lexra/

http://jonahprobell.com/lexra.html

1976	IBM 801	first conceptual RISC processor
1980		DARPA VLSI Project University funding
	MIPS	Stanford University (John Hennessy)
1984		MIPS Computer Systems, Inc.
1992		Acquired by SGI
1998		SGI spun off MIPS
2008		lost money on buying and selling Chipidea
2013		bought by Imagination Technologies (PowerVR)
2022		Adopted RISC-V

1997		Lexra based on MIPS-I instruction set (Not the core license)
1998		Patent on "unaligned loads and stores"
2003		Lexra bankrupt
2006	RTL8196E	Realtek continues to use Lexra Cores (RLX4181)

ARM

Cortex-A Microprocessors, with an MMU, for Rich OS e.g. BSD/Linux/Windows)

Cortex-R Realtime processors

Cortex-M Microcontrollers for RTOS Task Scheduling

ARMv7-M ISA

M0+ von neuman (instruction and data share the same bus)

M3

M4

M7

ARMv8-M

M23 Trustzone

M33

M35P

Armv8.1-MM55

M85

Segger

SEGGER J-Link EDU Mini - JTAG/SWD Debugger

https://thepihut.com/products/segger-j-link-edu-mini-jtag-swd-debugger

https://www.adafruit.com/product/3571

https://1bitsquared.com/products/black-magic-probe