CPU

CPU-Z Z270 i5-7600K

Fairchild, Intel, Motorola, TI, MOS, Zilog, Sun, Dec, IBM, ARM

Fairchild IC's (traitorous eight)
Intel 4004, 8008, 8088
Zilog Z80
Motorola 6800
MOS 6502
Acorn ARM

RISC Berkley / IBM
MIPS Stanford
IBM PowerPC
SUN Sparc
DEC Alpha

MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, EM64T, VT-x, AES, AVX, AVX2, FMA3, TSX

Moore's Law / Transistors

	Integration level	Year	Logic gates
MSI	Medium Scale Integration	1976	20-200
LSI	Large‐scale integration	1970	200-2000	10 µm
VLSI	Very large‐scale integration	1980	2.000-20.000	1.5 µm
ULSI	Ultra large‐scale Integration	1990	20.000-200.000	600 nm
SLSI	Super large‐scale integration	2000	200.000- 2 million	130 nm
		2010	2 million - 20 million	22 nm
		2020	20 million - 200 million	5 nm

CISC v.s. RISC

RISC is a philosophy to use simpler instructions to achieve the same as complex instruction. For example for AES rowshifting an Intel can use XMM instructions to shift multiple rows in one operation, while RISC processors need to loop through the bytes and execute simpler instructions. It takes longer to execute, but without SIMD the processor is smaller, cheaper and wins in power efficiency.

Intel CISC

PCLMULHQHQDQ xmmreg,xmmrm

ARM RISC

result = operand1 EOR operand2;

for s = 0 to segments-1

Elem[result, s, 128] = AESSubBytes(AESShiftRows(Elem[result, s, 128]));

MIPS

1976: IBM 801 first conceptual RISC processor

1980: DARPA VLSI Project University funding

RISC Berkley (David Patterson)

MIPS Stanford University (John Hennessy)

1984 Company: MIPS Techology

1992 Acquired by SGI

1998 Divested

2013 Imagination (from PowerVR)

2022 Moved to RISC-V

Architecture and Licensing

Lexra

MIPS QEMU

qemu-system-mips64 -cpu 24Kc -serial pty -nographic -monitor none -no-reboot -bios u-boot.bin

qemu-system-mipsel -cpu 24KEc -m 64M -serial /dev/tty -drive file=3AC000,format=raw,index=0,media=disk

qemu-system-mipsel -cdrom deb.iso -hda mipsel.qcow -M malta -kernel vmlinuz -boot d -initrd initrd.gz -m 512 -appand "root=/dev/sda1 nokaslr" -nographic

qemu-system-mipsel -M 24KEc -m 1024M -kernel bzImage -initrd rootfs.img.gz -append "root=/dev/ram rdinit=/sbin/init console=ttyS0 nokaslr" -nographic -serial mon:stdio

RISC

University of Berkeley	Intended for research
1981	RISC I	44,500 transistors, 31 instructions, 78 32-bit registers
RISC Foundation	Open ISA free to implement
2015	RISC V

ARM

Cortex-A Microprocessors, with an MMU, for Rich OS e.g. BSD/Linux/Windows)

Cortex-R Realtime processors

Cortex-M Microcontrollers for RTOS Task Scheduling

ARMv7-M ISA

M0+ von neuman (instruction and data share the same bus)

M3

M4

M7

ARMv8-M

M23 Trustzone

M33

M35P

Armv8.1-MM55

M85

Segger

SEGGER J-Link EDU Mini - JTAG/SWD Debugger

https://thepihut.com/products/segger-j-link-edu-mini-jtag-swd-debugger

https://www.adafruit.com/product/3571

https://1bitsquared.com/products/black-magic-probe